Hyponymy
Activity 1
Show the learners the list of three nouns. Ask them to discuss the questions in pairs or small groups.
After a couple of minutes, reveal the focus of the lesson in the next slide: how nouns can relate to each other by being more general or specific. Use the example to demonstrate. Ask learners if they can think of any other examples. Don't worry if they struggle at this point, as they will see more throughout the lesson.
Ask learners to make notes on the new terminology, beacuse they will need it for the other activities.
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Hyponymy
Activity 1
Look at these three nouns.
What is the relationship between them? Can they be arranged into a logical order?
- dog
- poodle
- animal
We can label nouns as general or specific. The specific noun is included in the general noun.
- The word animal is general while the word dog is more specific
- The word dog itself is more general than breeds of dog such as poodle or spaniel.
Can you think of more examples of this relationship between words?
We call this kind of relationship between words hyponymy.
- The general word is known as the hypernym.
- The specific word is known as the hyponym.
Let's try some activities to show you understand this idea.
Activity 2
Supply the hypernym (general) term for the list of six nouns:
For example: A dog is an animal.
- A cherry is a fruit
- A daffodil is a flower
- A hammer is a tool
- A carrot is a vegetable
- A castle is a building
- A car is a vehicle
In the next activity, match the appropriate hypernym (general) with hyponym (specific) terms.
- Place the cards side-by-side to connect them and double-click to break apart.
- Make sure to put the hyponym word first, followed by the hypernym. For example: A car is a vehicle.
Activity 3
What do the words flower and tree have in common?
They are both subordinate to the word plant. They also each have their own subordinate words. We can show this relationship in a diagram called a hierarchy:
In the next slide, you will see a new set of words arranged at random. Copy them and re-arrange them into a hierarchy with the superordinate words at the top and the subordinate words at the bottom.
There should be three levels: one word at the top, two words in the middle, and six at the lowest.
Activity 4
Sometimes the pattern of hyponymy is obvious from the word formation.
Let's take the word knife for example.
How many subordinate words can you think of which use the word knife?
How many did you think of? Here are three examples:
- carving knife
- pocket knife
- steak knife
- table knife
How many can you think of for the word spoon?
How many did you think of? Here are four examples:
- soup spoon
- desert spoon
- teaspoon
Can you think of any others?
Choose one of these words, and write your own hierachy. Include at least two hypernym words, and three hyponym words for each.
- animals
- food
- buildings
- vehicles
Compare your hierarchy with a partner's. Does it make sense? Are there any words that use the same word formation?
